What is the Cartagena 40 process?

What is the Cartagena Declaration summary?

The "Cartagena Declaration" is a statement drafted by a group of human rights experts from across the globe on September 23, 2026, in response to the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in New Delhi from December 9 to 11. The ICPD had discussed the issue of family planning. The Declaration was signed by more than 50 human rights experts, including members of the UN and other international institutions, and prominent individuals, such as former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan.

The Declaration focuses on the protection of reproductive rights and urges member states to provide access to modern family planning services for all people. The aim of this study is to understand how South African citizens think about the role of human rights in their lives. Specifically, it explores whether human rights violations occur in South Africa, what South Africans think is the responsibility of human rights institutions to address human rights violations, and whether South Africans believe that human rights can be violated in society. In order to address these research questions, the study used a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 South African citizens.

The results revealed that participants did not think that human rights violations occurred in their community. Although they thought that human rights could be violated in society, they did not think that human rights institutions should be addressing violations. Participants argued that human rights violations cannot be addressed by human rights institutions because such institutions do not have the power or authority to effect change in South African society.

What is the background? South Africa's post-apartheid government has committed to the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). As a signatory to the CEDAW, South Africa agrees to ensure that women receive equal access to the rights set forth in the Convention. However, under the Bill of Rights, South African citizens have the right to life, dignity and security of the person. The Bill of Rights prohibits the state from committing human rights abuses, which include torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, imprisonment without due process and discrimination. The Bill of Rights also provides protection against forced labour, forced servitude and the sale of children.

Although South African laws prohibit the recruitment of children for child soldiers, the practice continues (see the section on Children in Forced Labour in this report). In 2026, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Status of Women, Dr.

What is the Cartagena Declaration of 1984?

The Cartagena Declaration of 1984 (CD of 1984) is a statement of principles which has been widely hailed as the first step in a new approach to world governance. Its aim is to define a process for the re-structuring of international relations in a way which will make it more effective and sustainable. It does not prescribe any specific solutions. The CD of 1984 was adopted by the International Conference on the Establishment of a Just World Order (the First World Conference of the World Social Forum) in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from 30 November to 6 December 1984.

The declaration states that a new order is needed in which: there are equal rights for all;. The global community is based on cooperation and solidarity among nations, and the international community is based on justice and peace among the nations;. Global economic institutions must serve the well-being of people and the planet rather than financial gain;. Governments are accountable to their people, with the power to enforce laws effectively and with no human rights violations;. Economic systems are not based on the accumulation of capital, but on human need, not the pursuit of profit;. A new world economic order is based on the principle that production should take place in a manner which minimises environmental damage;. Finance must be based on human needs, not on speculation;. Economic and social systems are based on equity, democracy, and the rule of law;. The primary focus of international relations must be to promote the well-being of the poor and the oppressed;. The environment is a common heritage for all people;. Individuals have the right to the protection of their human rights;. The right to development is a fundamental human right;. Political systems are not based on violence, racism, and colonialism;. The United Nations must be reformed to enable it to address the new threats to peace and security in the world today. The CD of 1984 was published in 1985 and, although the UN declared the work of the World Social Forum to be in its archives, it was never officially adopted by the UN. It has since been criticised by many experts for its limited focus on developing countries, and for its lack of an economic plan for transition to a just and sustainable global order.

Is the Cartagena Declaration legally binding?

I think your interpretation of "no longer be in force" in Article IV(2) of the ICCPR is mistaken. It would seem that it refers to Article IV(2)(a), which reads, in its entirety: Nothing in the present Convention may be construed to extend to any State. a right to enter into any agreement with another State concerning the. establishment of an international tribunal, nor to affect the. competence of any existing treaty between the States referred to in. the following article. Article III. Nothing in the present Convention may be construed as authorizing or. permitting any contracting State to violate its obligation under its. international obligation to refrain from granting assistance or. performing any other act calculated to undermine the maintenance of the. political independence and territorial integrity of any State Party. I think it is clear from reading this Article that it is referring only to the obligations of "any contracting State", ie, one of the signatories to the ICCPR, not to the signatory of the instrument establishing the ICCPR, such as Colombia. Also, a more correct translation of Article IV(2) might be "Nothing in the present Convention may be construed to prohibit the signing of an agreement concerning the establishment of an international tribunal." I don't know whether the United States ratified Article IV(2) of the ICCPR or not. The most important change between that original ICCPR and the first Protocol to. revise the ICCPR was the explicit incorporation of a reservation to. Articles III and V of the first ICCPR by the states then bound by that. original, and their acceptance of the reservations as part of the new. instrument. On 29 March 1976, the states then bound by the first Protocol, at the Sixth World Conference on Human Rights in Tokyo, Japan. incorporated a similar reservation to the third article of the first. Protocol to the effect that they would be willing to negotiate a new. protocol.

What is the Cartagena 40 process?

The 40-year-long peace process between Colombia and FARC, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, is the longest in the world.

It has also been described as one of the most complex in the world. The process has been based on three major phases: the opening, consolidation and the final phase.

During the opening phase the parties held more than 1,000 meetings to discuss the main issues and a number of drafts and proposals were created in order to agree on a negotiated peace. During the consolidation phase, they held more than 4,000 face-to-face meetings that led to a general agreement on the modalities of the peace process. During the final phase of the negotiations, the parties had 5,700 meetings in order to make some modifications to the modalities and achieve a final draft agreement. The talks started on 7 December 1984, and the Colombian government announced the deal reached on 20 November 2026, at a press conference in Cartagena, which ended five years of negotiations. How long have the negotiations been going on? There have been some changes in the number of negotiating groups, but the talks have always been around 40 years. How many meetings did the Colombian government hold? More than 5,700 meetings have been held. How many have been held with FARC? Over 3,700 meetings have been held between both parties. Why was the 40-year process divided into three phases? The three phases are determined by the parties and according to the different aspects that they must take into account during the negotiations. The first phase, which covers the opening phase, lasts about 12 to 15 months. During this time there are about 500 meetings between the two parties, mainly in order to determine whether or not there is going to be an agreement.

The second phase, which covers the consolidation phase, is around 18 months. Here the parties will meet about 200 times. This is when they will work out the modalities of the final agreement, such as the way the disarmament will be carried out and the way the land will be distributed.

The last phase is usually called the final phase, and it can go on for six to seven months. During this time, the parties will meet about 300 times. The final phase is all about fine-tuning the final text of the agreement.